Dedication

A note about the November 1986 revision

Introduction

SECTION I. ROLLS ISSUED BY THE RUDOLPH WURLITZER COMPANY

SECTION II. ROLLS NOT ISSUED BY THE RUDOLPH WURLITZER COMPANY

SECTION III. ADAPTATIONS OF B.A.B. 66-KEY MUSIC TO THE 165 SCALE

APPENDIX

TUNE INDEX (one searchable file, A to Z)

SOUND FILES, including all of the tunes not yet identified.

INTRODUCTION

This catalog attempts to list all known style 165 band organ rolls, including rolls known only from catalogs or roll labels. The first section lists the rolls manufactured by the Rudolph Wurlitzer Company. Other sections list rolls manufactured by its successors. Listed last are B.A.B. 66-key rolls which have been converted to the Wurlitzer 165 scale, and rolls made in recent years by independent arrangers doing custom work. Except as noted in its listing, every roll has been recut in enough multiple copies to ensure its survival for years to come. For questions about roll availability, please email us.

How many Wurlitzer 165 rolls still exist? There are 105 surviving rolls of those made by Wurlitzer during its ten-tune era (1914-1933), of which all but two (6517 and 6620) have been recut. Every 6-tune roll made from 1934, by Wurlitzer, to the end of T.R.T.'s production in 1967 exists and has been recut as a 12-tune composite with another 6-tune roll to eliminate its repetitiousness. That amounts to twenty 6-tune rolls from Wurlitzer and thirty-three from T.R.T. One of the thirty-three, the T.R.T. Christmas roll, 6712, was not composited but recut in its original form because of its nature.

Each roll listing shows, to the extent known, the title of each tune on the roll, the stage revue or motion picture featuring the tune, its composer, the date of first publication, and the type of composition (fox trot, waltz, one step, etc.). The date the roll was originally issued is also shown, or an estimated issue date is suggested for rolls of unknown date, when it has been possible to make such an estimate. Finally, notes have been added calling attention to significant errors found on printed roll labels and giving other information judged to be of interest to readers of this catalog.

The original plan was to transcribe listings exactly as they appear on the roll labels. However, the labels on some Wurlitzer rolls are lost, having succumbed to hard use as have many roll boxes and even the beginnings of some rolls themselves. The labels for rolls manufactured by the T.R.T. Manufacturing Company name the publisher of the sheet music for a tune but not the composer, and often give tune titles inaccurately.

In order to correct label errors, secure missing information, and determine the approximate issue date of the rolls, all tunes were checked against the records of the U.S. Copyright Office in the Library of Congress, Washington D.C. This procedure revealed that some of the information on Wurlitzer labels was also in error.

Due to these factors, the primary source of all the listings in this catalog is the record in the Copyright Office. Secondary sources, in the order used, include the band organ roll labels themselves, catalogs published by Wurlitzer, music reference books , sheet music, phonograph records, and other music rolls.

Titles are given as registered by the composer or publisher with the Copyright Office. When multiple registrations show variations in the title, the title shown on the earliest registration of the tune as a published composition is the one used in this catalog. It is normal to find multiple registrations for the more popular tunes. The earliest registration is usually for the tune as an unpublished work, followed not much later by a registration of the tune as a published work. There may follow, over any number of years, registrations for arrangements of the tune for various instruments or for various purposes.

When no date is shown for a tune in this catalog, no registration for the tune could be found in the Copyright Office. The tune may have been copyrighted abroad, or it may not have been copyrighted anywhere, or it may have been copyrighted prior to the time reliable records were kept by the Copyright Office (roughly prior to 1898), or the title/composer/publisher information known may be insufficient to locate one registration among the million tune registrations in the Copyright Office. For example, it took many years and a bit of luck to find the registration for the tune named on roll 6702 as "Brook's Triumphal March." The roll was produced in 1952. But the tune, when found, turned out to be almost a half century older, with the correct title being "Brooke's Triumphal." Assuming a search in the correct chronological file in the Copyright Office (the file containing registrations for 1898-1937), "Brooke's" still is found nearly a hundred cards distant from "Brook's."

The stage revues and motion pictures shown as featuring a tune are usually the original production or the production contemporaneous with roll issuance. The information has been taken from the copyright record or from the following sources:

Our intent is to show only the composer of the music for each tune, not the author of the lyrics. However some copyright records say "words and music by" A & B, leaving it unclear which is the composer. The listings in this catalog show the composer credits as recorded in the Copyright Office, even when in conflict with the credits on the roll label.

In some cases where a tune's composer is not given in the roll data, we find dozens of compositions with the same title registered in the Copyright Office by different composers (e.g. for "Dream" there are 168 registrations). In most cases it has been possible to identify the correct composer. But when that has not been possible--as for example in the case of a lost roll where it is not possible to audition the tune--two or more of the most likely identifications are suggested.

As already stated, the Copyright Office records are the primary source for the dates given in this catalog, and where multiple dates for multiple registrations are found, the date recorded here is the date found for the first published version of a tune. That date best serves the original purpose for researching tune dates: to estimate the release dates of the rolls. It was initially presumed that style 165 rolls were released when the tunes on the rolls were at the height of their popularity, and that the date the tunes were first published would be a good indication of that peak. That premise has been borne out by experience in all but a few cases, notably certain rolls numbered from 6501 to 6537, which are discussed below.

When only a registration for an unpublished version of a tune could be found in the Copyright Office, the date of that registration has been used. This situation seldom occurred, because the music usually chosen for inclusion on style 165 music rolls was popular--and therefore published--music that would have been diligently copyrighted. It is unlikely that sheet music for an unpublished composition would find its way into Wurlitzer's hands to be selected for inclusion on a roll.

The Wurlitzer factory in North Tonawanda, N.Y., may well have had standing arrangements with certain music publishers to receive their published sheet music. The Vandersloot Music Publishing Company, located in Williamsport, Pa., 150 miles south of the Wurlitzer factory, seems to have published a large share of the rather undistinguished tunes found on early Wurlitzer band organ rolls. Was that perhaps due to a mutually beneficial working arrangement between the two companies?

In the case of very old American compositions, classical tunes, and foreign compositions--categories for which there are no useful copyright records--the year of composition or date of first performance found in other reference is shown.

The type designation (waltz, fox trot, one step, etc.) is derived almost exclusively from the roll label. The Copyright Office only rarely indicates the type of composition on the file card (with the exception of marches). Copyright laws do require the deposit of two copies of the sheet music in the Library of Congress as a condition of registration, and these copies would reveal the type of composition. However, the sheet music copies were not normally examined in preparing this catalog due to the tremendous amount of time that would be required and due to the fact that in the process of arrangement for the band organ, a fox trot could become a waltz or vice versa. A case in point is the waltz arrangement of "Ciribiribin" on roll 6529 and the fox trot arrangement on roll 6682.

Rolls numbered from 6538 upwards to the end of roll production (6724), covering the period 1918 to 1967, prove to have been issued in chronological sequence at regular intervals (TRT rolls 6668 to 6676 must be excluded from the picture; they are mere duplicates, both in numbering and in contents, of earlier Wurlitzer rolls). The intervals varied over the life of the roll business, depending on the market and industry economics, but in any given year band organ owners were assured of having a predictable number of new rolls available for purchase.

Earlier editions of this catalog could only estimate the issue dates for most of these rolls, based on dating the individual tunes on the rolls, as explained above. Late six-tune rolls were the only ones that could be dated precisely, because their labels carry a date code in the lower left corner. The code "71840," for example, indicates a roll issued July 18, 1940, while "2242" indicates a February 2, 1942, release date.

Even less could be said with confidence about the dating of the two sets of rolls numbered 6501 to 6537; the evidence presented by the rolls themselves was thoroughly confusing.

In 1988 Richard J. Howe, of Houston, Tex., generously made available to us copies of all the original Wurlitzer monthly roll bulletins in his collection which listed one or more band organ rolls. The bulletins significant for the study of style 165 rolls cover the period from November 1917 to June 1923, with only a one-month lacuna (January 1921). The period from October 1923 to August 1925 is more imperfectly covered, lacking 7 issues (Jan. 1924, Apr. 1924, Jan. 1925, Mar. 1925, May-July 1925). Altogether a remarkable collection! We have subsequently received a copy of the May 1925 bulletin from Harvey Roehl.

Consequently, exact issue dates can be now shown for many rolls, the contents of many lost rolls can be given, and the pattern of parallel roll numbering for rolls 6501 to 6537 can be seen and perhaps understood.

For some rolls to which an exact date of issue still cannot be assigned, an estimated issue date is shown, derived from the dates of the tunes on the roll and from the issue dates of the rolls before and after it. Only a range of four months has been used: "Early," "Mid-," or "Late" with respect to a given year. The period selected was additionally verified by noting issue dates for piano rolls and recording dates for phonograph records.

The B.A.B. Organ Company, Brooklyn, N.Y., issued just forty-four 66-key band organ rolls, the only size B.A.B. roll which has been converted to the Wurlitzer 165 scale and therefore the only B.A.B. roll series of interest to this catalog. Its first 66-key roll, 001, was probably issued in 1928. Its last roll, 044, was issued in 1957. All B.A.B. rolls numbered higher were manufactured on a custom basis, using original B.A.B. masters, by Oswald Wurdeman and later by his son Thomas Wurdeman, of Minneapolis. The Wurdemans manufactured custom B.A.B. rolls of various sizes besides the 66-key size that interests us here, but all were numbered serially beginning with roll 300 and reaching almost to roll 600. Only B.A.B. rolls up to 044 can be dated from their contents; the Wurdeman composites cannot be dated to the year of their creation because any one roll could contain any combination of tunes from across the years. Moreover the unpredictability of tune dates on Wurdeman composites makes it sometimes difficult, in the absence of composer credits, to identify a tune from its title alone.

Wurlitzer probably began to issue style 165 rolls in mid-1914. Don Rand reports that the first 165 band organ was made (shipped?) in April 1914. That event is the best evidence for when the first style 165 roll would have been made, lacking roll literature for the period.

The company had been selling its smaller organ rolls (styles 125 and 150) for a couple of years at least, as well as a style 155 roll for the old 155 (or Monster) band organ and a 160 roll for the 160 (Mammoth) band organ. The 125 roll and the 150 roll were both produced in two different lengths: a short roll containing no more than 4 tunes, and a longer roll generally containing 10 tunes, for the "long roll trackerframe." Most tunes were available in either format. By the time the first 165 band organ was manufactured, the company must have been equipping its organs only with the long roll tracker frame, because the 165 roll was not issued in two different formats at any time; the ten-tune roll was standard from the beginning. Although a few shorter rolls were made in the 6500 series, they were exceptions to the norm and did not constitute a separate roll series as was the case for 125 and 150 rolls.

With the switch to the 6600 series, short rolls disappeared entirely from the picture. The normal roll was a ten-tune roll, though generally the tunes were each a little shorter than the typical tune on a 6500 roll. This, together with tempo differences between 6500 and 6600 rolls (see "Roll tempo" below) resulted in 6600 rolls being a bit smaller than most 6500 rolls. This situation obtained until 1934. In that year Wurlitzer, yielding to economic pressures, cheapened its product significantly by adopting as the standard format a six-tune roll, which it advertised as "length of a ten-tune roll." Arrangement costs, which were then--and still are--the significant costs associated with music roll making, were reduced by arranging a verse, a chorus, and a transition for each tune. These short passages were then used to produce one of the six tunes on the roll by repeating them over and over until one-sixth of a standard (ten-tune-length) roll had been filled. The result is that, while some good arrangements were produced after 1933, band organ tunes on 6-tune rolls sound endlessly repetitious - because they are.

Recuts of 6-tune rolls made by Play-Rite avoid this shortcoming by combining two 6-tune rolls into one 12-tune roll, shortening each tune accordingly and alternating the tunes to preserve the proper tempo.

It might be remarked here that the rolls from the ember days of the band organ business seem to be arranged with less delicacy than earlier rolls, producing more sheer volume. That may have been a shrewd tactic to make organs not kept in good repair sound better than they otherwise might; it takes a well-maintained machine to handle a subtle solo passage arranged for a minimum number of pipes.

A problem inherent in roll music which is not encountered with book music is that, as the music paper builds up on the take-up spool of the tracker frame, the speed with which the paper is drawn across the tracker bar increases, due to the fact that the take-up spool (which pulls the paper) turns at a constant number of revolutions per minute and the fact that the diameter of the take-up spool is steadily increasing. Therefore tunes in the latter part of a roll must have longer perforations for a note of a given duration than would be required for the same note in tunes at the beginning of the roll.

Wurlitzer production perforators solved this problem ingeniously. Automatic tempo compensation was built into the paper-advancing mechanism of Wurlitzer production perforators: as the perforation process moved along from the beginning to the end of the roll, the distance the paper was advanced underneath the punching dies--which cut the countless tiny holes forming each note--was incrementally increased at each punching stroke, the result being that the perforations became longer as the process moved down the roll. Tune masters were marked by staff arrangers and punched to run the perforators without any consideration of where on a roll the tune would fall, meaning that all masters could be marked and perforated with notes of standard length. The same master could be run to make tune 2 on one roll and later to make tune 7 on a different roll. Examination of surviving masters in the Herschell Carrousel Factory Museum proves that this was done many times in creating the second series of rolls 6501-6537 (see below).

Like many blessings, this feature had a drawback--rather minor, indeed, and noticeable only in the playing of the last tunes on some rolls, in some notes on some organs. It derives from the fact that, as the spacing increases between the individual punchings that make up a perforation for a long, sustained note (where bridging is required at intervals in the chain perforation, in order to prevent undue weakening of the paper by what would otherwise be a long slit in the paper), the bridges may get large enough to cover the organ's tracker bar hole sufficiently to cause the pneumatics to very briefly interrupt the sounding of the pipe. Whether this happens or not is a function of bridge size in relation to the bleed capacity of the primary pneumatic associated with the particular pipe. When it does happen, the result is a slight but audible stutter of the pipe, though it may not necessarily be judged unattractive.

The perforators used by Play-Rite, working not from masters but from original band organ rolls, do not have any means of automatic tempo compensation. Therefore, the order of tunes on a roll can be changed only within narrow limits. It is for this reason that, in combining two six-tune rolls into one twelve-tune roll, it was necessary to alternate tune 1 of the first roll with tune 1 of the second roll, followed by tune 2 of the first roll, and so on. By cutting the length of each tune approximately in half, proper overall tempo is maintained while the listenability of the tunes is vastly increased.

Before leaving the subject of tempo, two observations might be made. Many rolls in the 6500 series do not pair up well with rolls in the 6600 series on a dual tracker organ, because those 6500 rolls need to be played at a slower tempo than 6600 rolls. By and large 6600 rolls have less paper on them, need to be played faster, and therefore finish faster than most 6500 rolls. The reasons for these differences are not entirely clear. But 6500 rolls could not have contained much more paper than they do, and still fit on their roll chucks. The slightly shorter tune length of 6600 rolls made them smaller and also may have prompted the company to cut them at a slightly slower tempo (longer note perforations, ergo more paper per tune) than was possible with the 6500 rolls. Most rolls in the 6500 series contained quick-paced two-steps or marches alternating with waltzes, while the 6600 rolls contained a preponderance of slower fox-trots with a few waltzes. This was a reflection of changing musical tastes and dancing styles over the decades, but it may also have influenced Wurlitzer's roll-cutting practices.

The second observation concerns the tempo of rolls 6501, 6502, and 6503 specifically (and perhaps also 6529, which seems, in spite of its numerical distance from the other three, to be very much like them). While the tunes on those rolls are very fine tunes, indeed, and well arranged, the tempo of the rolls as a whole leaves something to be desired. If an organ's tempo control is set so that the first few tunes on one of those rolls play at a satisfactory tempo, then the tunes at the end tend to race noticeably. If the tempo is set so that the final tunes play well, then the first tunes drag too much. Were these rolls perhaps manufactured before Wurlitzer developed automatic tempo compensation? Not a likely explanation, because copies of these rolls purchased after 1925 for the Seabreeze Park band organ exhibit the same problem. Some early Play-Rite recuts of these rolls do too, although the problem seems to have been corrected on later recuts (recuts containing the copyright infringement notice lacking on the earlier recuts).

The rolls numbered from 6500 to 6537 are in many regards not typical of the other style 165 rolls issued by Wurlitzer. The foremost point of difference is that for many--perhaps all, if complete data were available--of those numbers there exist two different rolls with the same number. We know of two each for the following numbers: 6505, 6509, 6511, 6516, 6521, 6523, 6525, 6529, 6531, 6532, 6533, 6534, 6535, 6536, and 6537. Although recuts of these rolls have been assigned letters A and B to distinguish them when both versions of a number have been recut, Wurlitzer did not do this, suggesting that the two versions were never stocked and sold at the same time. Examination of these roll pairs reveals that in each case one of the rolls contains tunes popular when the roll was issued--and invariably this roll is the earlier of the two, when it is possible to date each of the pair. The other roll contains tunes of more lasting popularity, "evergreens" so to speak--and all of those that can be assigned dates were issued after mid-1921, whereas all the popular-tune rolls of the pairs were issued between 1915 and 1918. The two rolls 6531 are the only exception: neither roll of that pair contains popular tunes of 1917 as would be expected, and both rolls were issued after mid-1921. This leads us to suspect that roll 6531 might have been issued in not two but three versions and that the missing 1917 version would have appeared in one of the Wurlitzer monthly roll bulletins for 1917 that we don't have.

The phenomenon of twin rolls does not extend beyond roll 6537; that is a known fact. It is more difficult to say whether the phenomenon began with roll 6505, the earliest roll we know of that contains popular tunes of the year, or whether there might have been such rolls numbered from 6501 to 6504. Perhaps someday Wurlitzer monthly roll bulletins for 1914 and 1915 will surface to answer these mysteries.

Examination of the tune titles on the evergreen rolls will show that many of the tunes on these rolls have also appeared on rolls of the popular-tune type. In fact a few of the rolls are duplicates, or near duplicates, of rolls issued earlier, though perhaps numbered higher in the 6500's. Surviving roll masters in the Herschell Carrousel Factory Museum bear proof of the reuse and renumbering of tunes: old stamped indicia of roll number and tune position have been altered by cutting away the top layer of cardboard where numerals needed to be changed and over-stamping with the new, correct digits.

All evidence points to the conclusion that Wurlitzer originally viewed the 165 roll market in the same fashion as record manufacturers view their market today: buyers want the hit tunes of the moment, and rapid turnover is good for everybody. Indeed, Wurlitzer advertising carried two watchwords month after month: "Buy new rolls to keep ahead of the competition," and "Positively no rolls exchanged." But by 1921 the idea must have developed of offering, in addition to the popular-tune rolls which would be sold for a short time only, a class of rolls containing tunes of lasting popularity, which would be kept permanently in stock. Unfortunately for historians of the roll business, a decision seems to have been made to assign numbers to these rolls that had once been used for earlier rolls no longer stocked. The only benefit of this decision that we can see is that it allowed the company to group its evergreen rolls together in the early 6500's and, by starting afresh in 1921 with the 6600 numbering, to keep its ongoing popular-tune series separate from it.

If this theory is correct it should follow that owners who purchased their 165 band organs in the mid-1920's or later should not have been able to purchase any of the popular-tune 6500 rolls, but should have been able to purchase evergreen 6500 rolls. There is evidence that this was, in fact, the case. The free rolls that came with the Seabreeze 165 in 1926 and the Griffith Park 165 in 1929 were "evergreens." Moreover, a comprehensive catalog listing all the evergreen 6500 rolls was printed, supplementing the advertising of those rolls in the monthly bulletins, where they would appear just once, mixed with all the other types of rolls which Wurlitzer released in the particular month.

Two questions remain that cannot be answered. We cannot guess when those rolls we know as 6501, 6502, and 6503 were issued. They have the character of the "evergreen" series, and do appear in the permanent catalog mentioned above. They are commonly found in roll collections, including those of owners of organs purchased in the 1920's. They do not appear in any of the known monthly bulletins, which suggests either that they were issued during one of the periods for which we lack bulletins (notably before October 1917) or that they were not advertised in the bulletins at all.

The second question that we cannot answer from what we now know is, With what number Wurlitzer began its 165 roll series? That is, we have no answer to the question, "What was the number of the very first style 165 roll issued?" It is simplest to assume Wurlitzer began with roll 6501. But it may have begun with roll 6505 from 1914, the earliest surviving roll. The roll we know as 6500 is certainly not the earliest 165 roll issued. It includes several 1919 tunes, and we now believe it is not even a Wurlitzer roll, as our notes to its catalog entry indicate.

The reason we suggest that Wurlitzer might have begun with roll 6505 is that there are a few cases we know of where the company began a roll series with the fifth number in the series. The numbering of the style 125 long-roll-tracker-frame roll series, for example, seems to have begun with roll number 3005, while the 150 long-roll series seems to have begun with roll number 13005. We speculate that the first four numbers might have been reserved for 4 rolls not advertised but given free with each new organ purchased. In this connection it is interesting to note that, when Wurlitzer jumped from the 6500 series to the 6600 series in issuing 165 rolls, it seems to have begun not with roll 6600 or 6601, but with roll number 6605.

Composers' pseudonyms

Composer names have been recorded as found in the sources used, e.g. Copyright Office records. However it is known that some of those names are pseudonyms. For example Jaan Kenbrovin, composer of "I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles" is a group name for three composers well-known under their individual names: James Kendis, James Brockman, and Nat Vincent.

Carl Loveland, the name used on the waltz "Garden Of Lilies," hides the march virtuoso Harry J. Lincoln, who also often wrote under the name Abe Losch and that of one or another of the Vandersloots. Similarly, William C. Polla used the pseudonym W. C. Powell as well as his real name. The Hoover who collaborated with Onivas (another pseudonym; see the next paragraph) on several tunes was Joe Hoover, a pseudonym of J. Russel Robinson. On his "Little Sweetheart Of The Prairie" William J. (Billy) Hill used the pseudonym George Brown. The famous Mary Earl was a man who also composed under his real name, Robert A. King. On the other hand, Vaughn De Leath was a woman, Leonora Von Derleath (married name "Geer"), who sometimes used Gloria Geer.

Other composers seldom used their real names: Neil Moret's real name was Charles N. Daniels; Horatio Nicholls was legally Lawrence Wright; D. Onivas was an anagram for Domenico Savino; Jule Styne was born Julius K. Stein; Violinsky was Sol Ginsberg; Ross Bagdasarian, composer of "The Chipmunk Song (Christmas Don't Be Late)" was actually David Seville; Alice Hawthorne was a man, Septimus Winner; Sunny Skylar was Selig Shaftel's pseudonym; Noel Gay was actually Reginald Moxon Armitage.

Some composer identities are so confused they may never be properly sorted out. The confusion over the authorship of the famous march "Repasz Band" is well documented in William H. Rehrig's The Heritage Encyclopedia Of Band Music. In his article on Harry J. Lincoln Mr. Rehrig tries to sort out the works composed by Lincoln under his own name from those on which he used any of several pseudonyms or the name of another real composer such as Charles C. Sweeley or one of the Vandersloots, the Williamsport family of composer/publishers who published many of Lincoln's works until Lincoln bought the company in 1929 and moved it to Philadelphia. Another Lincoln mystery Mr. Rehrig discusses is his relationship to E. T. Paull's "Midnight Fire Alarm."

Not exactly a pseudonym situation is the confusion surrounding the identity of H. B. Blanke, composer of "Francezka Waltzes" (1902), "Hearts Courageous" (1902), "Stingy Moon" (1906) and "In The Good Old Irish Way" (1907). She is probably the same person as Henriette Blanke-Belcher, composer of "Honey-Land," "Marsovia" (1908), and "Telling Lies" (1910), where her name appears on the sheet music as Henrietta Blanke Belcher. She is probably also the person who wrote "Loyalty Waltz" (1918) and "Butterfly Waltzes" (1922) under the name Henrietta B. Blanke-Melson.

Too little is known about the identity of the arrangers responsible for the music listed in this catalog. We do know the names of three of what must have been many: Sylvia Schultz, John William Tussing, and Ralph Tussing. None of the surviving early roll masters name their arranger. Like many artisans of the time, Wurlitzer arrangers worked anonymously, known only by their employer's name. Examination of markings on the masters shows that the arrangers marked out verses and choruses in pencil, as few times as necessary, leaving notations for the ladies hired to do the actual hand-punching of the cardboard, showing where they should repeat verses and choruses and how they should be altered if necessary, to produce the finished tune master.

As the catalog entries note, many original rolls have disappeared entirely, and no surviving copies have ever been found to be copied as recuts. A few of those that did survive to be recut (thus assuring perpetuation of their music) were later destroyed by fire. For the rest, catalog entries attempt to show the current ownership of the original from which recuts were made, when the roll is in one of the smaller collections. But where no ownership is shown the chances are good that the original roll is in the grand-daddy of all Wurlitzer 165 roll collections, the one owned today by Don Rand and Ed Openshaw that was built by Ross R. Davis.

This very catalog, in fact, owes its existence to the data generously provided to Gary Watkins many years ago by Don Rand and to Don's interest in all kinds of mechanical music and to Wurlitzer 165 band organ music in particular.